Last week, New York Stock Exchange volume averaged over 9.3 billion shares a day, about double the normal 4-5 billion. The Dow's range was over 500 points up and down each day from Monday through Thursday, and there was a major selling panic each day, until Friday. The subsequent flight to quality drove the yield on the three-month Treasury bill down to 0.03% at the end of Wednesday! To illustrate how stressed the banking industry is, the London Interbank Offered Rate (or LIBOR), which is the overnight rate that banks lend money to each other, posted its biggest one-day rise since September 1999 on Tuesday when it soared 3.33% and hit a seven-year high of 6.44%. Just last June, the LIBOR rate was only 2.07%. Since many business loans and mortgages are tied to a LIBOR index, rising LIBOR rates can have major implications. LIBOR spreads soared last week because banks did not trust each other. As a result, chaos reigned in the commercial paper market.
The Structured Investment Vehicles (or SIVs, which Citigroup and Lehman Brothers promoted and packaged in offshore commercial paper) now seems to have tainted the overall market for commercial paper. In fact, the Reserve Primary Fund became the first money market fund in 14 years to lose money for investors after writing off $785 million in debt issued by Lehman Brothers. The commercial paper chaos caused problems with other money market funds and by the end of the week, the U.S. government announced a blanket guarantee on all money market mutual funds, which amount to about $3.5 trillion in assets.
On Thursday, the world major central banks injected $180 billion in liquidity in an attempt to halt the financial crisis. In addition to the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Fed, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan, Bank of Canada and Swiss National Bank all pledged they would "continue to work closely together and take appropriate steps to address the ongoing pressures."
The U.S. federal government apparently took Alan Greenspan's advice to create a new Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC) type of vehicle to handle bad loans and foreclosed properties. How much this will cost taxpayer is controversial. On Sunday, Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson announced that the Bush administration would like Congress to approve a sweeping rescue plan that would allow the Treasury Department to buy $700 billion in toxic mortgage debt. If approved by Congress, this unprecedented bailout plan would give Treasury Secretary Paulson broad powers to buy and sell these assets without the approval of Congress. I expect members of Congress will try to attach another economic stimulus program to the rescue bill. This could potentially increase the cost of the proposed rescue plan to $800 billion or more.
Turning to banks, now that the U.S. government owns 80% of AIG, we hear talk of rescue plans for the big banks from New York by its influential Senators Hillary Clinton and Charles Schumer. This raises speculation that a big New York bank (like Citigroup?) may be lobbying for a cash infusion to survive. So far, with the exception of trading AIG stock for $85 billion cash by the Fed, there has been no talk of the U.S. government taking major bank stock positions. Although the Fed is the lender of last resort, it has never bought shares in a bank before. Instead, the Fed is structured to seize banks when their capital is depleted and then broker their assets to other banks. Now, it appears that the government now wants an RTC-type vehicle to liquidate bank assets
It was a wild week in commodity and currency markets, too. The U.S. dollar fell to $1.45 per euro last Friday. Gold rose over $80 in a few hours on Wednesday, rising $119 for the week. Between Wednesday and Friday, oil rose $13 as investors returned to commodities as a safe haven.
I think last week marks a capitulation low. You can tell it from the headlines you see each day. In Germany, Der Spiegel featured a Thursday article describing the U.S. financial crisis as "The World as We Know It Is Going Down," concluding that "the foundations of U.S. capitalism have shattered." Also on Thursday, The Wall Street Journal featured a big Page One article with the headline "Worst Crisis Since '30s, With No End Yet in Sight." When headlines like these come out, they usually mark a great buying opportunity. In fact, the financial crisis was so intense last week that any other news was crowded off the financial pages. For instance, news that the Fed's Open Market Committee (FOMC) unanimously voted to leave key interest rates unchanged and the Consumer Price Index (CPI) fell for the first time in two years, was largely overlooked.